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Khidir A. M. Hassan , Mahmoud M. E. Mudawi , Mansour I. Sulaiman

Abstract

Metformin is now being recognized as the standard therapy in T2D patients who are overweight. Metformin has many drug-disease interactions that can increase the risk of metformin-associated lactic acidosis. Therefore this study was conducted to evaluate any possible pharmacodynamic interactions between metformin and drugs used to treat chronic diseases e.g. Hypertension. The rats were fasted overnight before inducing diabetes with streptozotocin. The rats were given an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (50 mg kg−1) freshly prepared in 0.1M sodium citrate buffer. The diabetic state was confirmed 72 h after streptozotocin injection. Diabetic rats were grouped into seven groups each group of five rats and distributed among the normal control group diabetic control group and the treatment groups. The treatment continued for 10 days. Blood samples were taken before treatment and after 10 days and analyzed for serum glucose, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides. In the diabetic control group which was given STZ alone the blood glucose level decreased significantly (p < 0.05) after 10 days but still above the hyperglycemic level (200mg/dl). The same was observed in the group treated with metformin. The group treated with nifedipine and aspirin showed significant reduction (p < 0.01) in the glucose level below the hyperglycemic level (200mg/dl). While the groups treated with (Metformin + Nifedipine) and (Metformin +Aspirin) showed highly significant reduction (P<0.001) in blood glucose level. These results conclude that the combination of (metformin +Nifedipine) and the combination of (Metformin + Aspirin) have highly significant hypoglycemic effect. It also showed that Nifedipine has promising role in reducing blood glucose level, lipid profile especially LDL-cholesterol, and body weight.

Keywords

Aspirin, Antidiabetic, Metformin, Nifedipine, Streptozotocin.

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Turki M. Al-Shaikh ¹, Mahmoud M. E. Mudawi ², Abdelhadi Y. A. Yassin ², Rami S. Habeballa ², Vijay R. Chidrawar ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar, SA
2 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Northern Border University, SA

Abstract

Many patients may administered medications like captopril (ACE inhibitor) for treatment of chronic diseases and may also take Paracetamol as an Over The Counter (OTC) drug which may interact with captopril. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate of the hepatoprotective effect of captopril on liver toxicity induced by low and high dose of paracetamol in rats. This study was conducted in two phases: first study for low dose of paracetamol (300 mg/kg); animals were divided into 4 groups of 6 rats each (n = 6); all groups were treated orally either 0.9 % Normal Saline (NS), captopril 20 mg/kg, paracetamol 300 mg/kg or captopril 20 mg/kg plus paracetamol 300 mg/kg for 10 consecutive days. Second study for single high dose of paracetamol (3000 mg/kg); animals were divided into 4 groups of 6 rats each (n = 6); all groups were pretreated orally either 0.9 % Normal Saline (NS) or captopril 20 mg/kg for 7 consecutive days followed by single oral administration of Paracetamol 3000 mg/kg or normal saline. The administration of Paracetamol or normal saline was performed 24 hours after the last administration of captopril. After 48 hours of hepatic injury induction, the animals were then sacrificed and the liver was removed for histopathological studies. Low dose (300 mg/kg) for 10 days and high single dose (3000 mg/kg) of paracetamol produced hepatotoxic effects. While captopril 20 mg/kg showed marked protection against changes induced by low and high dose of paracetamol on the liver.

Keywords

Acetaminophen, Captopril, Hepatoprotective, Hepatotoxicity, Paracetamol.

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Mahmoud M. E. Mudawi ¹, Mohammed F. Abd El-wahab ², Abdelhadi Y. A. Yassin ¹, Rami S. Habeballa ¹, Mohammed M. Alshehri ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Northern Border University, SA
2 Department of Phytochemistry and Natural products, Northern Border University, Rafha, SA
3 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Northern Border, University, Rafha, SA

Abstract

In Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Achillea fragrantissima is a fragrant, perennial herb has long been used medicinally for its analgesic properties among Rafha residents. The present study concluded that Achillea fragrantissima (Gaisoom) possess a potent anticonvulsant activity against PTZ induced seizures which may be due to GABAA agonistic activity and /or antioxidant activity. The results of the current study showed that the ethanolic extract of Gaisoom at doses of 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg has anticonvulsant activity in pentylenetetrazole and maximum electroshock induced seizures models on mice. The Hexane extract have protected the mice against pentylenetetrazole – induced seizures with 100% protection rate and 100% animal survival similar to the anticonvulsant drug phenobarbital. HPLC–DAD fingerprints of different fractions were also carried out to find the pharmacological active compound. The studies are in progress to isolate the compounds by HPLC technique. Supplementary studies are required to explain the exact mechanism of action by which Gaisoom act as an anticonvulsant agent.

Keywords

Achillea fragrantissima, Anticonvulsant Activity, Epilepsy, Gaisoom, HPLC Profile.

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Mohammed M. Alshehri ¹, Muhammad Wahab Amjad ², Mahmoud M. E. Mudawi ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Tabuk, SA
2 Department of Pharmaceutics, Northern Border University,, SA
3 Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Northern Border University, SA

Abstract

The liver is the largest solid organ, the largest gland, and one of the most vital organs that functions as a center for the metabolism of nutrients and excretion of waste metabolites. Hepatotoxicity is becoming a leading cause of death worldwide and its prevalence is increasing exponentially, there are several causes behind hepatotoxicity such as administration of acetaminophen that induced hepatotoxicity through the excessive formation of the toxic metabolite N-acetyl-para-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI). Drug-induced liver injury may account for approximately 10% of all cases of acute hepatitis, 5% of all hospital admissions, and 50% of all acute liver failures. Remarkably, more than 75% of cases of idiosyncratic drug reactions result in liver transplantation or death. This review will help researchers to understand the hepatotoxicity mechanism of common drugs that have a hepatotoxic effect.

Keywords

Acetaminophen, Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs, Hepatotoxic Drugs, Hepatotoxicity, Phenytoin.

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